Blossom clusters and young shootsīlossom symptoms are first observed 1-2 weeks after petal fall. Generally, symptoms of fire blight are easy to recognize and distinguishable from other diseases. Symptoms of fire blight can be observed on all above ground tissues including blossoms, fruits, shoots, branches and limbs, and in the rootstock near the graft union on the lower trunk. Today, fire blight is an important disease of apples and pears in many parts of the world. It was the first bacterium proven to be a pathogen of plants. HOSTS: Apple, pear, several rosaceous ornamentalsĮrwinia amylovora is a native pathogen of wild, rosaceous hosts in eastern North America. The American Phytopathological Society, St.Johnson, K.B. Van der Zwet T, Orolaza-Halbrendt N, Zeller W (2016) Fire blight: history, biology, and management. Maltseva ER, Zharmukhamedova GA, Jumanova ZK, Naizabayeva DA, Berdygulova ZA, Dmitriyeva KA, Tezekbayeva B, Khassein A, Skiba YA, Malakhova NP, Ismagulova GA, Rezzonico F, Smits THM (in press) Fire blight cases in Almaty region of Kazakhstan in the proximity of wild apples distribution area. Kang TH, Kim H-J, Noh HK (2020) Convolution neural network of deep learning for detection of fire blight on pear tree. Johnson KB, Stockwell VO (1998) Management of fire blight: a case study in microbial ecology. Jarolmasjed S, Sankaran S, Marzougui A, Kostick S, Si Y, Vargas JJQ, Evans K (2019) High-throughput phenotyping of fire blight disease symptoms using sensing techniques in apple. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:11422–11447 A comparison of different fire blight control methods in Switzerland with respect to biosafety, efficacy and durability. Gusberti M, Klemm U, Meier MS, Maurhofer M, Hunger-Glaser I (2015) Fire blight control: the struggle goes on. Plant Health Res Pract 1:44–48ĭuffy B, Schärer H-J, Bünter M, Klay A, Holliger E (2005) Regulatory measures against Erwinia amylovora in Switzerland. Adv Microbiol 6:831–851ĭrenova N, Isin MM, Dzaimurzina AA, Zharmukhamedova GA, Aitkulov AK (2013) Bacterial fire blight in the Republic of Kazakhstan. J Microbiol Methods 87:1–9ĭoolotkeldieva T, Bobusheva S (2016) Fire blight disease caused by Erwinia amylovora on Rosaceae plants in Kyrgyzstan and biological agents to control this disease. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 37–53īraun-Kiewnick A, Altenbach D, Oberhänsli T, Bitterlin W, Duffy B (2011) A rapid lateral-flow immunoassay for phytosanitary detection of Erwinia amylovora and on-site fire blight diagnosis. In: Vanneste JL (ed) Fire blight: the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora. Since most people have access to the internet via mobile devices, the development of a dedicated app could greatly enhance the transfer of knowledge directly where it is needed.īonn WG, van der Zwet T (2000) Distribution and economic importance of fire blight. Additional information channels were deemed useful. However, this is unpractical considering the difficulties of travelling in such an extensive and fragmented territory. Currently, this is still based on establishing direct contacts with the local population and handing out illustrated information brochures that were translated to the respective languages. The app is available in the three national languages as well as in Russian, English, and German, and can easily be adapted to new countries, languages or even diseases.Īn international team of scientists from Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in Central Asia is collaborating within the Swiss National Research Foundation r4d project “Preservation of Central Asian fruit tree forest ecosystems, pome fruit varieties and germplasm from the recent epidemics caused by the invasive bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora (fire blight)” on disseminating information about the disease in Central Asia. For that purpose, we have developed an app for smartphones and mobile devices that can inform stakeholders about fire blight, simultaneously allowing a citizen science approach for mapping the spread of the disease in Central Asia. Efficiently informing farmers, forestry services and private persons about the instances and dangers of fire blight, the correct way to recognize the symptoms, and the methods of disease control is thus of paramount importance in a vast and fragmented natural landscape like the one characterizing countries like Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. In the last decade, it was also detected in Central Asia, where wild pomaceous fruit plants represent the dominant species in mid-altitude forests and constitute a critical foundation for the entire ecosystem. Fire blight, caused by the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, is a severe bacterial disease of apple and pear that can quickly destroy whole plants.
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